What Is Multiple Sclerosis? Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) disorder pathologically characterized by multifocal inflammatory demyelination, axonal degeneration and glial scar formation. Its clinical manifestations include cognitive decline, fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesia, ataxia and…
What Is Hypophosphatemic Rickets? Hypophosphatemic Rickets (HR) is a rare skeletal disorder with an incidence of approximately 1 in 25,000. It arises from genetic or acquired triggers that induce excessive renal phosphate excretion, leading to severe hypophosphatemia and impaired bone…
What Is Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis? Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare heterogeneous lung disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of surfactant material within the pulmonary alveoli. It is classified into three major subtypes: autoimmune (acquired), congenital, and secondary PAP. Autoimmune…
In 2024, major pharmaceutical corporations heavily invested in the TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) target within the tumor immunotherapy space. Despite setbacks in several Phase III clinical trials, encouraging clinical data from the combination regimen of…
On November 7–10, 2025, the American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions was held in New Orleans, USA. During the conference, Merck’s research team presented Phase III clinical data for MK0616 (Enlicitide), the world’s first oral PCSK9 inhibitor. This landmark achievement…
What Is Phenylketonuria? Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a common autosomal recessive monogenic metabolic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Mutations impair the function of PAH enzyme, blocking normal phenylalanine (Phe) catabolism and resulting in systemic accumulation…
What Is Angelman Syndrome? Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder triggered by dysfunction of the maternally inherited UBE3A gene located on chromosomal region 15q11–13. Its hallmark clinical manifestations include severe developmental delay, intellectual disability, persistent happy demeanor, speech impairment,…
What Is Rett Syndrome? Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function variants in the MECP2 gene located on the X chromosome, predominantly affecting female patients. Clinical manifestations typically emerge between 6 and 18 months of age…
What Is Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva? Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP), also known as “Stone Man Syndrome”, is an ultra-rare hereditary connective tissue disorder. Its hallmark clinical features include congenital bilateral great toe malformation, together with progressive, widespread and irreversible heterotopic ossification…
What Is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria? Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells. Its classic clinical triad consists of three core manifestations: Most PNH patients die from thrombosis or progressive cytopenia. The disease incidence…
